Athletes - 1860

	Athletes - 1860

1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday.

Events

January

January 2 - The discovery of the planet Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris.

March

March 6 - Abraham Lincoln speaks against slavery in New Haven, Connecticut.
March 24 - Savoy and Nice are annexed into France.

April

April 3 - The Pony Express begins its first run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California.
April 4 – New uprising in Palermo

May

May 1 - A chondrite type meteorite fell to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio near the town of New Concord.
May 5 - Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Questa on the Expedition of the Thousand
May 8 - In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government in protest of the suggestion of increase of presidential powers. Magdalena and Bolivar join it
May 9 - The U.S. Constitutional Union Party holds its convention and nominates John Bell for President of the United States.
May 15 - Battle of Catalafimi; troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily, during the Second Italian independence war.
May 18 - Abraham Lincoln is selected as the US presidential candidate for the Republican party.
May 27 - Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.

June

June 24 - First nursing school, based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened in St. Thomas Infirmary in England.

July

July 2 - Vladivostok, Russia is founded.
July 9 - Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad was executed by a firing squad in Tabriz, Persia for claiming to be a prophet.
July 11 - Mutsuhito becomes Crown Prince of Japan.
July 19 - Ioan Dimitrovich Kasatkin becomes an Eastern Orthodox monk under the name Nikolai.
July 20 - The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces at the Battle of Milazzo, near Messina. Nearly all of Sicily was now under Garibaldi's control.
July 24 - Monk Nikolai Kasatkin appointed as deacon.
July 25 - Deacon Nikolai Kasatkin appointed as priest.

August

August 22 - Assisted by the British navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland

September

September 7 - Lady Elgin is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan, hundreds drown.
September 7 - Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.
September 10 - Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples
September 18 - Battle of Castelfidardo. The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory

October

John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar to search for source of the Nile.
October 1 - The Battle of the Volturno
October 5 - Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate causes of clashes between Maronites and Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year
October 18 - the British general Lord Elgin - with protestations from the French - ordered his forces to set fire to the huge complex of Beijing's Old Summer Palace, known as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness, which burned to the ground. It took 3,500 British troops to set the entire place ablaze and took three days to burn. Elgin justified the order as retaliation for the imprisonment, torture, and murder of several western prisoners of war, among them two British envoys who had been under protection of a flag of truce. The burning of the Gardens of Perfect Brightness is still a very sensitive issue in China today.
October 19 - New Māori revolt begins in New Zealand
October 26 - Battle of the Volturno. Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
October 26 - Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to the king Victor Emmanuel II.

November

November 3 - The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.
November 6 - U.S. presidential election, 1860: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.

December

December 20 - South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the Union.
December 29 - The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) HMS Warrior is launched.

Unknown Dates

Massacres of the Christians of Damascus, Syria, by part of the Muslim population, under the supervision of the Ottoman Empire.
Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia seizes the whole of the Papal States besides Rome (see Vatican City) and unites Italy.
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium (see Discovery of the chemical elements)
Buenos Aires leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores
Augustana College is founded in Rock Island, Illinois, United States by Swedish immigrants.
Sedalia, Missouri is incorporated.

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