Movies - Cinema of Russian Empire

Home > Listing Index > Movies > Cinema of Russian Empire

	Movies - Cinema of Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (1896-1917) The first films seen in Russia were via the Lumière brothers, in Moscow and St. Petersburg in May, 1896. In the same month, the first film was shot in Russia, by Lumière cameraman Camille Cerf, a record of the coronation of Czar Nicholas II at the Kremlin in Moscow. Film in Russia became a staple of fairs or rented auditoriums. After the Lumières came representatives from Pathe and Gaumont to open offices, after the turn of the century, to make motion pictures on location for Russian audiences. Theaters were already built, and film renting distributors had already replaced direct sales to exhibitors, when, in 1908, Aleksandr Drankov produced the first Russian narrative film, Stenka Razin, based on events told in a popular folk song and directed by Vladimir Romashkov.

Competition from French, American, German, Danish, British and Italian companies, distributing their country's wares to the eager Russians, developed, but the indigenous industry made such strides over the next five years that 129 fully Russian films - even if many of them were comparatively short - were produced in 1918 alone. In 1912, the Khanzhonkov film studio was operational, and Ivan Mozzhukhin had made his first film there, a feature film of 2000 meters entitled "Oborona Sevastopolya" ("The Defense of Sevastopol"): Mozhukhin played Napoleon. The same year, a German concern filming in Russia introduced the director Yakov Protazanov to the world with its "Ukhod Velikovo Startsa" ("Departure of the Grand Old Man"), a biography film about Lev Tolstoy. Czar Nicholas himself made some home movies and appointed an official Court Cinematographer, although he is purported to have written in 1913 that film was "an empty matter...even something harmful...silliness...we should not attribute any significance to such trifles".

Czar Nicholas gave some special assistance to the makers of "The Defense of Sevastopol" and a few similar films, but the industry was not nationalized nor governmentally subsidized or otherwise controlled. There were also only a few rules of censorship on a national level - such as not making the Czars characters in a dramatized film - but the filmmakers were largely free to produce for the mass audience; local officials might be more stringent in censoring or banning films. Detective films were popular, and various forms of melodrama.

The arrival of World War I in Russia in 1914 sparked a change. Imports dropped drastically, especially insofar as films from Germany and its allies left the market rapidly. Russian filmmakers early on turned to anti-German, "patriotic" films, often hastily made, even being filmed while the scripts were still being written, filling in the gap: in 1916, Russia produced 499 films, over three times the number of just three years earlier, and more of feature length. Russia's allies, in turn, began to import some of the more striking product, including further films by Protazanov and Yevgeni Bauer, a specialist in psychological film, who both impacted, among others, the burgeoning American film industry. Adversely, Russian companies were forbidden to send cameramen to the "front", and war footage had to be imported from France and England: some Russian concerns combined footage from these with enacted war material to create faux documentaries. Also, the Skobolev Committee was established by the government to oversee the making of newsreel and propaganda films.

And then came the Russian Revolution, on top of the ongoing international War. With audiences demoralized by the latter and turning against the Czar, film producers began turning out, after the February Revolution, a number of films with anti-czarist themes. These, along with the usual retinue of detective films and melodramas, filled theaters when the streets were not filled with revolutionaries. But in the end, as the insurgent Red Army took the country from the post-Romanov Provisional Government by force, the destruction of the infrastructure in the major cities, the failing war-drained economy, the takeover of rural cinemas by local soviets, and the aversion of some in the film industry to communism, the Russian film industry per se had effectively died by the time Lenin on November 8, 1917 proclaimed a new country, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Ironically, the last significant Russian film completed, in 1917, "Otets Sergii" ("Father Sergius") would become the first new film release a year later, in the new country of the Soviets.

The R.S.F.S.R. (1917-1991) See: Cinema of the Soviet Union

[ Visit the complete Wikipedia entry for Cinema of Russian Empire ]

This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article Cinema of Russian Empire; it is used under the GNU Free Documentation License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the GFDL.

Searches on eBay